Đề Thi Thực Chiến (Đề Số 02 — Mức 8.5+) Thử Tốt Nghiệp THPT & Cuối Năm Tiếng Anh 12 — Full Year & High School Entrance / Graduation Mock Test (Units 1–10) (KNTT)

Câu 1: Complete the communicative and lexical task for Grade 12 English (Cuối Năm (HK2) • Mức Thực chiến — Code 397, Question 1): Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40: For more than two centuries since the Industrial Revolution, the prevailing paradigm of global economic development has been fundamentally linear: a relentless 'take-make-dispose' model. Natural resources are extracted at unprecedented rates, manufactured into consumer goods, and discarded into landfills or oceans once their immediate utility expires. This system has fueled unprecedented economic prosperity and lifted billions out of poverty; yet, it has simultaneously engendered severe environmental degradation, biodiversity depletion, and escalating climate destabilization. Today, with the planetary population projected to reach nearly ten billion by mid-century, humanity faces an inescapable ecological bottleneck: the Earth's regenerative capacity simply cannot sustain perpetual linear consumption. In response to this existential threat, forward-thinking economists, environmental scientists, and business leaders are championing the transition toward a 'circular economy'. Rather than treating resources as expendable inputs, the circular paradigm conceives of economic systems as restorative and regenerative by design. At its philosophical core, circularity rests upon three foundational tenets: designing out waste and toxic pollution from the outset, keeping products and materials circulating in use at their highest value for as long as possible, and regenerating natural ecosystems rather than merely depleting them. Achieving genuine circularity necessitates a radical rethinking of industrial product design and corporate business models. Traditional manufacturing prioritizes cheap assembly, frequently resulting in consumer electronics glued together in ways that render component repair or material recovery economically unfeasible. In contrast, 'design for disassembly' mandates that products be engineered modularly, enabling effortless replacement of depleted components and straightforward separation of recyclable metals and biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, the shift from product ownership to 'product-as-a-service' models is transforming consumer culture. In this framework, manufacturers retain ownership of the hardware—such as lighting equipment or vehicle fleets—and lease its functional performance to consumers. Because the manufacturer remains responsible for ongoing maintenance, energy consumption, and eventual end-of-life recycling, it possesses a direct economic incentive to build durable, upgradeable, and energy-efficient systems. Nevertheless, the global transition to a circular economy confronts monumental structural hurdles. Global supply chains remain deeply entrenched in linear infrastructure, where extracting virgin raw materials is often artificially cheaper than recovering and purifying secondary recycled commodities due to entrenched fossil fuel subsidies. Moreover, regulatory fragmentation across international borders severely impedes the transboundary flow of reusable materials. To surmount these impediments, national governments must introduce decisive policy interventions, including extended producer responsibility mandates, tax incentives for recycled content, and substantial public investments in advanced recycling infrastructure. Ultimately, circularity is not an idealistic environmental concession; it represents the only viable economic blueprint capable of securing enduring human prosperity within our finite planetary boundaries. Question 40: What does the author conclude about the circular economy in the final paragraph?

Câu 2: In the Grade 12 Global Success English assessment (Cuối Năm (HK2) • Mức Thực chiến — Paper 397, Item 2): Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40: For more than two centuries since the Industrial Revolution, the prevailing paradigm of global economic development has been fundamentally linear: a relentless 'take-make-dispose' model. Natural resources are extracted at unprecedented rates, manufactured into consumer goods, and discarded into landfills or oceans once their immediate utility expires. This system has fueled unprecedented economic prosperity and lifted billions out of poverty; yet, it has simultaneously engendered severe environmental degradation, biodiversity depletion, and escalating climate destabilization. Today, with the planetary population projected to reach nearly ten billion by mid-century, humanity faces an inescapable ecological bottleneck: the Earth's regenerative capacity simply cannot sustain perpetual linear consumption. In response to this existential threat, forward-thinking economists, environmental scientists, and business leaders are championing the transition toward a 'circular economy'. Rather than treating resources as expendable inputs, the circular paradigm conceives of economic systems as restorative and regenerative by design. At its philosophical core, circularity rests upon three foundational tenets: designing out waste and toxic pollution from the outset, keeping products and materials circulating in use at their highest value for as long as possible, and regenerating natural ecosystems rather than merely depleting them. Achieving genuine circularity necessitates a radical rethinking of industrial product design and corporate business models. Traditional manufacturing prioritizes cheap assembly, frequently resulting in consumer electronics glued together in ways that render component repair or material recovery economically unfeasible. In contrast, 'design for disassembly' mandates that products be engineered modularly, enabling effortless replacement of depleted components and straightforward separation of recyclable metals and biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, the shift from product ownership to 'product-as-a-service' models is transforming consumer culture. In this framework, manufacturers retain ownership of the hardware—such as lighting equipment or vehicle fleets—and lease its functional performance to consumers. Because the manufacturer remains responsible for ongoing maintenance, energy consumption, and eventual end-of-life recycling, it possesses a direct economic incentive to build durable, upgradeable, and energy-efficient systems. Nevertheless, the global transition to a circular economy confronts monumental structural hurdles. Global supply chains remain deeply entrenched in linear infrastructure, where extracting virgin raw materials is often artificially cheaper than recovering and purifying secondary recycled commodities due to entrenched fossil fuel subsidies. Moreover, regulatory fragmentation across international borders severely impedes the transboundary flow of reusable materials. To surmount these impediments, national governments must introduce decisive policy interventions, including extended producer responsibility mandates, tax incentives for recycled content, and substantial public investments in advanced recycling infrastructure. Ultimately, circularity is not an idealistic environmental concession; it represents the only viable economic blueprint capable of securing enduring human prosperity within our finite planetary boundaries. Question 39: The word 'impediments' in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to:

Câu 3: Read the following language focus item from the Grade 12 English test (Cuối Năm (HK2) • Mức Thực chiến, Set 397.3): Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40: For more than two centuries since the Industrial Revolution, the prevailing paradigm of global economic development has been fundamentally linear: a relentless 'take-make-dispose' model. Natural resources are extracted at unprecedented rates, manufactured into consumer goods, and discarded into landfills or oceans once their immediate utility expires. This system has fueled unprecedented economic prosperity and lifted billions out of poverty; yet, it has simultaneously engendered severe environmental degradation, biodiversity depletion, and escalating climate destabilization. Today, with the planetary population projected to reach nearly ten billion by mid-century, humanity faces an inescapable ecological bottleneck: the Earth's regenerative capacity simply cannot sustain perpetual linear consumption. In response to this existential threat, forward-thinking economists, environmental scientists, and business leaders are championing the transition toward a 'circular economy'. Rather than treating resources as expendable inputs, the circular paradigm conceives of economic systems as restorative and regenerative by design. At its philosophical core, circularity rests upon three foundational tenets: designing out waste and toxic pollution from the outset, keeping products and materials circulating in use at their highest value for as long as possible, and regenerating natural ecosystems rather than merely depleting them. Achieving genuine circularity necessitates a radical rethinking of industrial product design and corporate business models. Traditional manufacturing prioritizes cheap assembly, frequently resulting in consumer electronics glued together in ways that render component repair or material recovery economically unfeasible. In contrast, 'design for disassembly' mandates that products be engineered modularly, enabling effortless replacement of depleted components and straightforward separation of recyclable metals and biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, the shift from product ownership to 'product-as-a-service' models is transforming consumer culture. In this framework, manufacturers retain ownership of the hardware—such as lighting equipment or vehicle fleets—and lease its functional performance to consumers. Because the manufacturer remains responsible for ongoing maintenance, energy consumption, and eventual end-of-life recycling, it possesses a direct economic incentive to build durable, upgradeable, and energy-efficient systems. Nevertheless, the global transition to a circular economy confronts monumental structural hurdles. Global supply chains remain deeply entrenched in linear infrastructure, where extracting virgin raw materials is often artificially cheaper than recovering and purifying secondary recycled commodities due to entrenched fossil fuel subsidies. Moreover, regulatory fragmentation across international borders severely impedes the transboundary flow of reusable materials. To surmount these impediments, national governments must introduce decisive policy interventions, including extended producer responsibility mandates, tax incentives for recycled content, and substantial public investments in advanced recycling infrastructure. Ultimately, circularity is not an idealistic environmental concession; it represents the only viable economic blueprint capable of securing enduring human prosperity within our finite planetary boundaries. Question 38: Why does the product-as-a-service model incentivize durable design?

Câu 4: Complete the communicative and lexical task for Grade 12 English (Cuối Năm (HK2) • Mức Thực chiến — Code 397, Question 4): Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40: For more than two centuries since the Industrial Revolution, the prevailing paradigm of global economic development has been fundamentally linear: a relentless 'take-make-dispose' model. Natural resources are extracted at unprecedented rates, manufactured into consumer goods, and discarded into landfills or oceans once their immediate utility expires. This system has fueled unprecedented economic prosperity and lifted billions out of poverty; yet, it has simultaneously engendered severe environmental degradation, biodiversity depletion, and escalating climate destabilization. Today, with the planetary population projected to reach nearly ten billion by mid-century, humanity faces an inescapable ecological bottleneck: the Earth's regenerative capacity simply cannot sustain perpetual linear consumption. In response to this existential threat, forward-thinking economists, environmental scientists, and business leaders are championing the transition toward a 'circular economy'. Rather than treating resources as expendable inputs, the circular paradigm conceives of economic systems as restorative and regenerative by design. At its philosophical core, circularity rests upon three foundational tenets: designing out waste and toxic pollution from the outset, keeping products and materials circulating in use at their highest value for as long as possible, and regenerating natural ecosystems rather than merely depleting them. Achieving genuine circularity necessitates a radical rethinking of industrial product design and corporate business models. Traditional manufacturing prioritizes cheap assembly, frequently resulting in consumer electronics glued together in ways that render component repair or material recovery economically unfeasible. In contrast, 'design for disassembly' mandates that products be engineered modularly, enabling effortless replacement of depleted components and straightforward separation of recyclable metals and biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, the shift from product ownership to 'product-as-a-service' models is transforming consumer culture. In this framework, manufacturers retain ownership of the hardware—such as lighting equipment or vehicle fleets—and lease its functional performance to consumers. Because the manufacturer remains responsible for ongoing maintenance, energy consumption, and eventual end-of-life recycling, it possesses a direct economic incentive to build durable, upgradeable, and energy-efficient systems. Nevertheless, the global transition to a circular economy confronts monumental structural hurdles. Global supply chains remain deeply entrenched in linear infrastructure, where extracting virgin raw materials is often artificially cheaper than recovering and purifying secondary recycled commodities due to entrenched fossil fuel subsidies. Moreover, regulatory fragmentation across international borders severely impedes the transboundary flow of reusable materials. To surmount these impediments, national governments must introduce decisive policy interventions, including extended producer responsibility mandates, tax incentives for recycled content, and substantial public investments in advanced recycling infrastructure. Ultimately, circularity is not an idealistic environmental concession; it represents the only viable economic blueprint capable of securing enduring human prosperity within our finite planetary boundaries. Question 37: The word 'it' in paragraph 3 refers to:

Câu 5: In the Grade 12 Global Success English assessment (Cuối Năm (HK2) • Mức Thực chiến — Paper 397, Item 5): Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40: For more than two centuries since the Industrial Revolution, the prevailing paradigm of global economic development has been fundamentally linear: a relentless 'take-make-dispose' model. Natural resources are extracted at unprecedented rates, manufactured into consumer goods, and discarded into landfills or oceans once their immediate utility expires. This system has fueled unprecedented economic prosperity and lifted billions out of poverty; yet, it has simultaneously engendered severe environmental degradation, biodiversity depletion, and escalating climate destabilization. Today, with the planetary population projected to reach nearly ten billion by mid-century, humanity faces an inescapable ecological bottleneck: the Earth's regenerative capacity simply cannot sustain perpetual linear consumption. In response to this existential threat, forward-thinking economists, environmental scientists, and business leaders are championing the transition toward a 'circular economy'. Rather than treating resources as expendable inputs, the circular paradigm conceives of economic systems as restorative and regenerative by design. At its philosophical core, circularity rests upon three foundational tenets: designing out waste and toxic pollution from the outset, keeping products and materials circulating in use at their highest value for as long as possible, and regenerating natural ecosystems rather than merely depleting them. Achieving genuine circularity necessitates a radical rethinking of industrial product design and corporate business models. Traditional manufacturing prioritizes cheap assembly, frequently resulting in consumer electronics glued together in ways that render component repair or material recovery economically unfeasible. In contrast, 'design for disassembly' mandates that products be engineered modularly, enabling effortless replacement of depleted components and straightforward separation of recyclable metals and biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, the shift from product ownership to 'product-as-a-service' models is transforming consumer culture. In this framework, manufacturers retain ownership of the hardware—such as lighting equipment or vehicle fleets—and lease its functional performance to consumers. Because the manufacturer remains responsible for ongoing maintenance, energy consumption, and eventual end-of-life recycling, it possesses a direct economic incentive to build durable, upgradeable, and energy-efficient systems. Nevertheless, the global transition to a circular economy confronts monumental structural hurdles. Global supply chains remain deeply entrenched in linear infrastructure, where extracting virgin raw materials is often artificially cheaper than recovering and purifying secondary recycled commodities due to entrenched fossil fuel subsidies. Moreover, regulatory fragmentation across international borders severely impedes the transboundary flow of reusable materials. To surmount these impediments, national governments must introduce decisive policy interventions, including extended producer responsibility mandates, tax incentives for recycled content, and substantial public investments in advanced recycling infrastructure. Ultimately, circularity is not an idealistic environmental concession; it represents the only viable economic blueprint capable of securing enduring human prosperity within our finite planetary boundaries. Question 36: What does 'design for disassembly' in paragraph 3 require manufacturers to do?

Câu 6: Read the following language focus item from the Grade 12 English test (Cuối Năm (HK2) • Mức Thực chiến, Set 397.6): Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40: For more than two centuries since the Industrial Revolution, the prevailing paradigm of global economic development has been fundamentally linear: a relentless 'take-make-dispose' model. Natural resources are extracted at unprecedented rates, manufactured into consumer goods, and discarded into landfills or oceans once their immediate utility expires. This system has fueled unprecedented economic prosperity and lifted billions out of poverty; yet, it has simultaneously engendered severe environmental degradation, biodiversity depletion, and escalating climate destabilization. Today, with the planetary population projected to reach nearly ten billion by mid-century, humanity faces an inescapable ecological bottleneck: the Earth's regenerative capacity simply cannot sustain perpetual linear consumption. In response to this existential threat, forward-thinking economists, environmental scientists, and business leaders are championing the transition toward a 'circular economy'. Rather than treating resources as expendable inputs, the circular paradigm conceives of economic systems as restorative and regenerative by design. At its philosophical core, circularity rests upon three foundational tenets: designing out waste and toxic pollution from the outset, keeping products and materials circulating in use at their highest value for as long as possible, and regenerating natural ecosystems rather than merely depleting them. Achieving genuine circularity necessitates a radical rethinking of industrial product design and corporate business models. Traditional manufacturing prioritizes cheap assembly, frequently resulting in consumer electronics glued together in ways that render component repair or material recovery economically unfeasible. In contrast, 'design for disassembly' mandates that products be engineered modularly, enabling effortless replacement of depleted components and straightforward separation of recyclable metals and biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, the shift from product ownership to 'product-as-a-service' models is transforming consumer culture. In this framework, manufacturers retain ownership of the hardware—such as lighting equipment or vehicle fleets—and lease its functional performance to consumers. Because the manufacturer remains responsible for ongoing maintenance, energy consumption, and eventual end-of-life recycling, it possesses a direct economic incentive to build durable, upgradeable, and energy-efficient systems. Nevertheless, the global transition to a circular economy confronts monumental structural hurdles. Global supply chains remain deeply entrenched in linear infrastructure, where extracting virgin raw materials is often artificially cheaper than recovering and purifying secondary recycled commodities due to entrenched fossil fuel subsidies. Moreover, regulatory fragmentation across international borders severely impedes the transboundary flow of reusable materials. To surmount these impediments, national governments must introduce decisive policy interventions, including extended producer responsibility mandates, tax incentives for recycled content, and substantial public investments in advanced recycling infrastructure. Ultimately, circularity is not an idealistic environmental concession; it represents the only viable economic blueprint capable of securing enduring human prosperity within our finite planetary boundaries. Question 35: According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a pillar of the circular economy?

Câu 7: Complete the communicative and lexical task for Grade 12 English (Cuối Năm (HK2) • Mức Thực chiến — Code 397, Question 7): Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40: For more than two centuries since the Industrial Revolution, the prevailing paradigm of global economic development has been fundamentally linear: a relentless 'take-make-dispose' model. Natural resources are extracted at unprecedented rates, manufactured into consumer goods, and discarded into landfills or oceans once their immediate utility expires. This system has fueled unprecedented economic prosperity and lifted billions out of poverty; yet, it has simultaneously engendered severe environmental degradation, biodiversity depletion, and escalating climate destabilization. Today, with the planetary population projected to reach nearly ten billion by mid-century, humanity faces an inescapable ecological bottleneck: the Earth's regenerative capacity simply cannot sustain perpetual linear consumption. In response to this existential threat, forward-thinking economists, environmental scientists, and business leaders are championing the transition toward a 'circular economy'. Rather than treating resources as expendable inputs, the circular paradigm conceives of economic systems as restorative and regenerative by design. At its philosophical core, circularity rests upon three foundational tenets: designing out waste and toxic pollution from the outset, keeping products and materials circulating in use at their highest value for as long as possible, and regenerating natural ecosystems rather than merely depleting them. Achieving genuine circularity necessitates a radical rethinking of industrial product design and corporate business models. Traditional manufacturing prioritizes cheap assembly, frequently resulting in consumer electronics glued together in ways that render component repair or material recovery economically unfeasible. In contrast, 'design for disassembly' mandates that products be engineered modularly, enabling effortless replacement of depleted components and straightforward separation of recyclable metals and biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, the shift from product ownership to 'product-as-a-service' models is transforming consumer culture. In this framework, manufacturers retain ownership of the hardware—such as lighting equipment or vehicle fleets—and lease its functional performance to consumers. Because the manufacturer remains responsible for ongoing maintenance, energy consumption, and eventual end-of-life recycling, it possesses a direct economic incentive to build durable, upgradeable, and energy-efficient systems. Nevertheless, the global transition to a circular economy confronts monumental structural hurdles. Global supply chains remain deeply entrenched in linear infrastructure, where extracting virgin raw materials is often artificially cheaper than recovering and purifying secondary recycled commodities due to entrenched fossil fuel subsidies. Moreover, regulatory fragmentation across international borders severely impedes the transboundary flow of reusable materials. To surmount these impediments, national governments must introduce decisive policy interventions, including extended producer responsibility mandates, tax incentives for recycled content, and substantial public investments in advanced recycling infrastructure. Ultimately, circularity is not an idealistic environmental concession; it represents the only viable economic blueprint capable of securing enduring human prosperity within our finite planetary boundaries. Question 34: The word 'tenets' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:

Câu 8: In the Grade 12 Global Success English assessment (Cuối Năm (HK2) • Mức Thực chiến — Paper 397, Item 8): Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40: For more than two centuries since the Industrial Revolution, the prevailing paradigm of global economic development has been fundamentally linear: a relentless 'take-make-dispose' model. Natural resources are extracted at unprecedented rates, manufactured into consumer goods, and discarded into landfills or oceans once their immediate utility expires. This system has fueled unprecedented economic prosperity and lifted billions out of poverty; yet, it has simultaneously engendered severe environmental degradation, biodiversity depletion, and escalating climate destabilization. Today, with the planetary population projected to reach nearly ten billion by mid-century, humanity faces an inescapable ecological bottleneck: the Earth's regenerative capacity simply cannot sustain perpetual linear consumption. In response to this existential threat, forward-thinking economists, environmental scientists, and business leaders are championing the transition toward a 'circular economy'. Rather than treating resources as expendable inputs, the circular paradigm conceives of economic systems as restorative and regenerative by design. At its philosophical core, circularity rests upon three foundational tenets: designing out waste and toxic pollution from the outset, keeping products and materials circulating in use at their highest value for as long as possible, and regenerating natural ecosystems rather than merely depleting them. Achieving genuine circularity necessitates a radical rethinking of industrial product design and corporate business models. Traditional manufacturing prioritizes cheap assembly, frequently resulting in consumer electronics glued together in ways that render component repair or material recovery economically unfeasible. In contrast, 'design for disassembly' mandates that products be engineered modularly, enabling effortless replacement of depleted components and straightforward separation of recyclable metals and biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, the shift from product ownership to 'product-as-a-service' models is transforming consumer culture. In this framework, manufacturers retain ownership of the hardware—such as lighting equipment or vehicle fleets—and lease its functional performance to consumers. Because the manufacturer remains responsible for ongoing maintenance, energy consumption, and eventual end-of-life recycling, it possesses a direct economic incentive to build durable, upgradeable, and energy-efficient systems. Nevertheless, the global transition to a circular economy confronts monumental structural hurdles. Global supply chains remain deeply entrenched in linear infrastructure, where extracting virgin raw materials is often artificially cheaper than recovering and purifying secondary recycled commodities due to entrenched fossil fuel subsidies. Moreover, regulatory fragmentation across international borders severely impedes the transboundary flow of reusable materials. To surmount these impediments, national governments must introduce decisive policy interventions, including extended producer responsibility mandates, tax incentives for recycled content, and substantial public investments in advanced recycling infrastructure. Ultimately, circularity is not an idealistic environmental concession; it represents the only viable economic blueprint capable of securing enduring human prosperity within our finite planetary boundaries. Question 33: According to paragraph 1, what dilemma does humanity face due to perpetual linear consumption?